Use of Restorative Justice and Restorative Practices at School: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: In recent years, the use of restorative justice (RJ) and restorative practices
(RP) in schools has grown rapidly. Understanding how theory and research address this topic is
important for its practical implementation based on scientific knowledge. The aim of this article
was to analyse the practices derived from RJ implemented in school and what kinds of results have
been achieved. Starting from the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative research in the field,
a systematic review was conducted on the last decade of studies using RJ and RP at every level of
school education. Methods: For this review, methods including the PRISMA guidelines, the PRISMA
flow diagram, and qualitative synthesis were carried out. Scientific articles for the literature review
were selected according to the following criteria: (1) publication date between the years 2010–2021;
(2) student population aged 6–18 years; (3) publications in the English language; (4) articles directly
accessible or accessible by contacting the author(s); 34 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results:
The most used RP in school are circles (n = 26), followed by restorative conferences (n = 17), peer
mediation (n = 10), restorative conversations (n = 8), mediation (n = 7), community-building circles
(n = 5). RP can improve the school climate, discipline, positive conflict management through actions
that aim at preventing suspensions, exclusions, conflicts, and misbehaviours (e.g., bullying). RJ
practices promote positive relationships between peers and between students and teachers, as well as
to prosocial behaviours through the development of social and emotional skills. Conclusions: From
the studies examined, a great interest in applying restorative justice and practices in schools clearly
emerged. Discussions on the benefits and challenges of implementation were provided. However,
there is still limited evidence in terms of direct correlation, which suggests further studies on the
impact of RJ and RP in school settings.