Consequences of human conflicts on aquatic ecosystems in drylands areas: Future management perspective

Aquatic ecosystems in dryland regions are among the most vulnerable globally, facing escalating threats from climate change, population growth, and human conflicts. Historically, water disputes have been a significant driver of tension. Over the past three decades, at least 59 water-related conflicts have occurred in drylands, predominantly in Asia and Africa, with approximately 50 % of these conflicts directly linked to water scarcity. The primary ecological consequences include the loss of hydrological connectivity, declining biodiversity, heightened water scarcity and pollution, and the degradation of physical habitats. The lack of conservation efforts during and after conflicts further destabilizes these fragile aquatic ecosystems, eroding their resilience. Such environmental disruptions reduce water availability and quality and pose serious risks to human health, food security, and socioeconomic stability. Moreover, the destruction of water infrastructure and ecosystem degradation caused by conflicts undermine progress toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to clean water, health, and biodiversity conservation. Addressing these challenges necessitates enhanced transboundary water governance, robust climate adaptation strategies, and the development of international legal frameworks to mitigate the long-term ecological impacts of human conflicts in dryland regions. This review explores the direct and indirect environmental effects of human conflicts on aquatic ecosystems in drylands, supported by critical case studies that underscore the urgency of these issues.