Combustion synthesis and spark plasma sintering of apatite-tricalcium phosphate nanocomposites

A processing route consisting of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of precursor powders prepared by Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS) is proposed for the first time for the fabrication of bulk nanostructured biphasic calcium phosphates. The apatite phase content in the product obtained by SCS was maximized using a fuel to oxidizer ratio of 1.1. After a post-synthesis air-annealing step conducted a 700 °C/3 h, powders consisted of 83 wt.% of carbonated apatite, with average crystallite size less than 70 nm, and β- and α-TCP (tricalcium phosphate), as secondary phases. Detailed structural analyses evidenced that the original nanostructure was retained after sintering at 900 °C, with the obtainment of nearly 91% dense, apatite-rich, biphasic bioceramics, with grains size of about 100 nm. The developed nanostructured biphasic material is expected to possess a higher resorption rate than standard microcrystalline hydroxyapatite, which makes it preferable for bone tissue regeneration.