β-Catenin Sustains and Is Required for YES-associated Protein Oncogenic Activity in Cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND & AIMS: YES-associated protein (YAP) aberrant activation is implicated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD)-mediated transcriptional regulation is the primary signaling event downstream of YAP. The role of Wnt/ss-Catenin signaling in cholangiocarcinogenesis remains undetermined. Here, we investigated the possible molecular interplay between YAP and ss-Catenin cascades in iCCA. METHODS: Activated AKT (Myr-Akt) was coexpressed with YAP (YapS127A) or Tead2VP16 via hydrodynamic tail vein injection into mouse livers. Tumor growth was monitored, and liver tissues were collected and analyzed using histopathologic and molecular analysis. YAP, ss-Catenin, and TEAD interaction in iCCAs was investigated through coimmunoprecipitation. Conditional Ctnnb1 knockout mice were used to determine ss-Catenin function in murine iCCA models. RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the genes regulated by YAP and/or ss-Catenin. Immunostaining of total and nonphosphorylated/ activated ss-Catenin staining was performed in mouse and human iCCAs. RESULTS: We discovered that TEAD factors are required for YAP-dependent iCCA development. However, transcriptional activation of TEADs did not fully recapitulate YAP's activities in promoting cholangiocarcinogenesis. Notably, b-Catenin physically interacted with YAP in human and mouse iCCA. Ctnnb1 ablation strongly suppressed human iCCA cell growth and Yap-dependent cholangiocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that YAP/ transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) regulate a set of genes significantly overlapping with those controlled by ss-Catenin. Importantly, activated/nonphosphorylated ss-Catenin was detected in more than 80% of human iCCAs. CONCLUSION: YAP induces cholangiocarcinogenesis via TEAD-dependent transcriptional activation and interaction with ss-Catenin. ss-Catenin binds to YAP in iCCA and is required for YAP full transcriptional activity, revealing the functional crosstalk between YAP and ss-Catenin pathways in cholangiocarcinogenesis.