Pelvic floor dysfunctions: how to image patients?

Pelvic floor dysfunctions embrace a large series of different conditions in which functional abnormalities of the pelvic floor lead to impairment in urinary and sexual functions and in rectal voiding. A multidisciplinary approach is needed in the evaluation of these patients, as well as the adoption of imaging studies adequate to explore the complex anatomy of the region and its dynamic functionality. Available imaging studies include: endoanal and transperineal ultrasound, X-ray defecography and MR defecography. The purpose of this review article is to illustrate the technique, indications, the current role, and diagnostic value of each one of these. The recent availability of new imaging techniques and related advantages will also be discussed.