Healthy Women and Men Do Not Show Differences in Tongue Strength and Regular Effort Saliva Swallows as Assessed by Piezo-Resistive Sensors: Results from a Reproducibility Study

The aim of this study was to establish the reproducibility of tongue strength measurements in healthy women and men during
maximum anterior isometric pressure (MAIP) and regular effort saliva swallows (RESS). In this cross-sectional study,
30 healthy young adults were required to push with the tip of the tongue on a piezo-resistive sensor glued to the hard palate,
immediately above the central incisor line. Tongue pressures exerted on the sensor during MAIP and spontaneous RESS were
recorded. Participants underwent a retest procedure within the same session to verify the reproducibility of measurements,
as determined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable
change (MDC). Complete data were obtained from 30 subjects (15 women, 15 men; mean age 31.4 ± 7.8 years; mean weight
61.3 ± 9.4 kg). Compared to women, men showed a trend for generating larger MAIP (p = 0.06; d = 0.71) and RESS (p = 0.07;
d = 0.69). After normalizing to body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI), such trends disappeared. At retest, MAIP
and RESS proved stable and highly reliable (all ICCs ≥ 0.93) in men and women but associated to moderate variability as for
SEM and MDC, with MAIP estimates associated to smaller SEM and MDC (SEM ranging 7.4–14.2%; MDC 18.6–20.9%)
than RESS (SEM ranging 20.4–38.5%; MDC 52.5–55.6%). Piezo-resistive pressure sensors allow clinicians and researchers
to perform reproducible measurements of tongue muscle performance. However, if therapeutic interventions are administered,
measurement variability in tongue performance should be considered when appraising their clinical efficacy, especially for
those populations who display impaired performance and may not be capable to generate high and stable forces. No genderbased
differences emerged in the motor tasks tested.