Grazing systems and biodiversity in Mediterranean areas: Spain, Italy and Greece

Large Scale Grazing Systems (LSGS) are much more than large expanses of seminatural
vegetation. LSGS are complex structures emerging from the interaction of
human behaviour and natural resources. Man-made and nature laws are intertwined in
systems of grassland management to produce large-scale effects. LSGS actually harbour
a significant part of European natural values, but are also places where a small part
of the rural population strives to make a living under harsh environmental and social
conditions. This research is aimed at responding to what is left behind under current
trend (abandonment). We have dealt with identification, analysis and diagnosis, but
not with prescription. Our main argument is that extensive grazing is congenial with natural values, but is the former that gives way to the latter. This assumption was types. In this case, external experts’ contribution, literature review and further cooperative
and interdisciplinary job were used. We detected general patterns of shrubby
overgrowth on grazing cessation, increasing species richness with extensive grazing and
plant species adapted to grazing or post-grazing succession. The relationship between
grazing and biodiversity was not univocal, and spatial and temporal management of
grazing play a major role. It must be stressed the importance of adequate knowledge
of the species and habitat specific impacts of grazing regimes (temporality and grazing
intensity). LSGS in the three countries face some common threats from intensification
in the lowlands to abandonment in the far-reaching and less favoured grazing grounds.
Harsh workings conditions, social fragility, lacks of assurance of family business turn
over, and poor economic performance, are common drivers of change, under a global
setting of economic development. However, differential diagnosis of these constraints
and alternative management practices (prescription) at the regional level are further
required in devising and implementing sensible grazing management plans and policy
frameworks.