Mediterranean Phenology

This chapter describes the five Mediterranean zones around the world and discusses vegetation and environmental factors, including climate, that make the Mediterranean Climate zones unique. Several key reports on the role of climate and climate change on the phenological development of Mediterranean ecosystems are presented and discussed. The chapter highlights how the impact of climate change has a crucial role in determining phenological patterns and shifts, why plants are changing their phenology in Mediterranean ecosystems, and how responses vary among species and events. Novel approaches and emerging technologies for monitoring phenology, such as remote sensing and near-surface approaches, can enhance understanding of its role in ecosystem modulation. Finally, there is a need to optimize the performance and availability of monitoring networks and organize standardized data sets at local and more widespread levels to make reliable data available for research communities, institutions, and the general public.