Non-Saccharomyces yeast derivatives: Characterization of novel potential bio-adjuvants for the winemaking process

Winemakers have access to a diverse range of commercially available Inactivated Dry Yeast Based products (IDYB) from various companies and brand names. Among these, thermally inactivated dried yeasts (TIYs) are utilized as yeast nutrients during alcoholic fermentation, aiding in the rehydration of active dry yeasts and reducing ochratoxin A levels during wine maturation and clarification. While IDYB products are generally derived from Saccharomyces spp., this study investigates into the biodiversity of those deriving from non- Saccharomyces for potential applications in winemaking. For that S. cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces TIYs were produced, characterized for nitrogen and lipid content using FT-NIR spectroscopy, and applied in a wine-like solution (WLS) for analyzing and quantifying released soluble compounds. The impact of TIYs on oxygen con- sumption was also assessed. Non-Saccharomyces TIYs exhibited significant diversity in terms of cell lipid composition, and amount, composition, and molecular weight of polysaccharides. Compared to that of S. cerevisiae, non-Saccharomyces TIYs released notably higher protein amounts and nHPLC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics highlighted the release of cytosolic proteins, as expected due to cell disruption during inactivation, along with the presence of high molecular weight cell wall mannoproteins. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and oxygen consumption demonstrated significant differences among TIYs, as well as variations in GSH and thiol contents. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results suggest that oxygen consumption is more closely linked to the lipid fraction rather than the glutathione (GSH) content in the TIYs. Overall, these findings imply that the observed biodiversity of TIYs could have a significant impact on achieving specific oenological objectives.