The deliberate release of genetically modified biocontrol agents. II. Survival, establishment, and ecological effects

National regulations require a detailed analysis of the environmental impact as part of any new application for registration and commercial development of biocontrol agents. Further requirements are needed if the antagonistic capability of the microorganism has been altered by means of genetic engineering. In the previous chapter the theoretical basis of risk analysis, and the political and social implications of introducing new biotechnology products in agricultural environments have been summarised. This paper will focus on the main factors to be considered under the present European regulation in the environmental impact evaluation for both non-modified and genetically modified microbial antagonists.