Mediterranean karst springs: diatom biodiversity hotspots under the pressure of hydrological fluctuation and nutrient enrichment

Mediterranean karst springs are affected by strong climatic seasonality, with long, dry and hot summers and are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures. In Sardinia (western Mediterranean Sea, Italy), they are largely unexplored and their biocoenoses are mostly unknown. The diatom flora from two substrates (cobbles and macrophytes) in eight springs of different areas of the island was investi- gated in summer 2016 and winter 2017. A total of 162 diatom taxa (58 genera) were found of which 27 (17 genera) only on cobbles and 26 (18 genera) only on macrophytes. The most abundant species from both substrates were Achnanthidium minutissimum, Amphora indistincta, Amphora pediculus, Cocconeis euglypta, Planothidium frequentissimum and P. lanceolatum. Overall, 67 taxa (40 genera) were recorded in single sites and some of these taxa showed high affinity with specific environmental condi- tions. Hydrological stability (water flow permanence), discharge and nutrients were the main environ- mental factors influencing diatom assemblages. Our results suggest that diatoms can reflect important local factors related to the vulnerability of these spring ecosystems and underline the importance of their preservation both for biodiversity and water quality maintenance.