New Perspectives and State of the Art in Interventional Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy) for Head and Neck Tumors

Aim: This review aims to evaluate the role of interventional radiotherapy (IRT – brachytherapy) in the clinical management of head and neck (H&N) cancers, focusing on recent technological advancements and their impact on clinical outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive literature review of clinical applications of IRT in H&N cancers was conducted, emphasiz-ing the role of advanced imaging intensity-modulated IRT and custom applicators. The role of artificial intelligence and several dose calculation algorithms in treatment planning was also analyzed. Results: IRT demonstrated efficacy across primary treat-ment, postoperative settings, and reirradiation, offering precise dose delivery while sparing adjacent healthy tissues. Innovations such as image-guided techniques and personalized 3D-printed applicators improved dosimetric accuracy and reduced toxicity. Functional outcomes were particularly favorable in sensitive anatomical regions like the nasal vestibule and oral cavity. Conclusions: IRT remains a cornerstone of precision oncology for head and neck cancers, achieving high efficacy, reduced toxicity, and improved patient quality of life. These advancements highlight its crucial role in modern oncologic care.