Hydrophobic thin films from Sol–Gel processing: A critical review

Fabrication of hydrophobic thin films from a liquid phase is a hot topic with critical technological issues. Interest in the production of hydrophobic surfaces is growing steadily due to their wide applications in several industrial fields. Thin films from liquid phases can be deposited on different types of surfaces using a wide variety of techniques, while the design of the precursor solution offers the possibility of fine-tuning the properties of the hydrophobic coating layers. A general trend is the design of multifunctional films, which have different properties besides being hydrophobic. In the present review, we have described the synthesis through sol–gel processing of hydrophobic films enlightening the main achievements obtained in the field.