Presenilin-1 mutation E318G and familial Alzheimer's disease in the Italian population

Presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) is a component of the -secretase complex involved in -amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. To date
about 140 pathogenic mutations in the PSEN-1 gene have been identified and their main biochemical effect is to increase the production of
the fibrillogenic peptide A(1–42). An exception is the PSEN-1 [E318G] mutation that does not alter A(1–42) generation and is generally
considered a non-pathogenic polymorphism. Nevertheless, this mutation was reported to be a genetic risk factor for familial Alzheimer’s
disease (FAD) in the Australian population. To independently confirm this indication, we performed a case-control association study in the
Italian population. We found a significant association (p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test) between the presence of PSEN-1 [E318G] and FAD. In
addition, on measuring the A(1–42) and A(1–40) concentrations in fibroblast-conditioned media cultured from PSEN-1 [E318G] carriers
and PSEN-1 [wild type] controls we noted a significant decrease (p < 0.05, Mann–Whitney test) in the A(1–42)/A(1–40) ratio in PSEN-1
[E318G] carriers, suggesting a peculiar biochemical effect of this mutation.